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In a world full of conspiracy theories it is hard to separate hysterical overreaction from fact at times. Occasionally however a conspiracy theory, or mystery comes along that seems plausible. The case of the missing cosmonauts is one of these.

Could it really be true that two brothers in Italy managed to record the deaths of Russian Cosmonauts in space that have remained hidden from the world since the space race? Let’s look at the evidence for this and take a balanced look at just how likely it was that this really occurred.

The search for the missing cosmonauts is one of the most fascinating mysteries today. Unlike some there are actual recordings available adding strength to the arguments that this really happened.

These fascinating recordings involve the sound of heartbeats, and what sounds like the dying breaths of a man. However, most compelling and disturbing is a very clear radio transmission from a woman who sounds distressed, saying the following;

“Isn’t this dangerous? Talk to me! Our transmission begins now. I feel hot. I can see a flame. Am I going to crash? Yes. I feel hot, I will re-enter”

These remarkable recordings were made by two brothers named Achille and Giovanni Judica-Cordiglia. Today they own one of the worlds most treasured collections of radio recordings documenting the space race.

In the days before the internet listening in on radios was a hobby many people indulged in. During the space race the Judica-Cordiglia brothers were the masters amongst amateurs and achieved great success.

On the 4th of October 1957 the Soviets announced that they had successfully launched the first artificial satellite into space named Sputnik 1. The brothers scanned the airwaves to pick up the identifying signal from the spacecraft, and sure enough found it. Their actual recording of the signal from Sputnik 1 is loud and clear. This proved that they had the capabilities to record activity in space.

The fascination with recording that first signal spurred the brothers on as they began teaching themselves how to detect the Doppler effect in signals received from orbiting craft. They filled out books and charts full of radio frequencies to ensure they never missed anything taking place above the planet.

Only a month later the Soviets announced the launch of Sputnik 2, this time with a passenger, a dog named Laika. Unfortunately for Laika this was to be a one-way journey as Sputnik 2 had no way of re-entering the earth. Before her death the brothers had tuned into the signal from the spacecraft and managed to pick up the heartbeat of Laika - a priceless recording.

The success of the brothers was getting them noticed and they became known widely for their achievements. A concrete bunker from the Second World War close to their home was taken over and used for their observations. In it they constructed antennas and upgraded their equipment. Every time a space launch took place the brothers were eagerly listening in - by this time with many interested scientists, reporters and friends.

However on the 28th of November 1960 the radio signals would take on an alarming twist. An observatory in West Germany reported that a strange signal was being received on a frequency that was used for Soviet space transmissions. The brothers instantly tuned in to try to make sense of what it could be. What they heard shocked them. Coming over the radio, on the Russian space frequency, was the international signal for distress, S-O-S repeated over and over again. The way the code was transmitted led the brothers to conclude that it was also being hand keyed.

Stunned by what they were hearing the brothers immediately checked their Doppler calculations. To their surprise the signal was displaying no relative speed, it would appear that the spacecraft was heading straight out to space, away from the earth. The brothers continued to listen to the signal which grew ever weaker, finally vanishing.

It appeared that what the brothers had recorded was a failed manned mission that had involved a spacecraft somehow leaving the orbit of earth and heading straight out into space. At least that was what the data was indicating.

Both men had to wait for just two months before their next alarming experience occurred in February 1961. Whilst listening in to a Soviet space frequency they recorded what sounded like the breaths of a dying man.

These transmissions were very clear and do sound exactly like a man slowly drawing breath. That same flight also involved another recording being made sounding exactly like a heart beating, however alarmingly sounded like it was failing. The brothers father - a cardiologist - listened to the recording which he concurred sounded like that of a failing human heart.

Two days after this recording had been made the Soviets announced that a large unmanned spacecraft had failed during re-entry. The story of the heartbeat and breath was headline news across Italy and seemed to be causing huge amounts of interest.

This exposure led a journalist at a press agency to contact the brothers from Moscow to let them know that there was to be a large space event occuring. When the brothers scanned the airwaves the next day they uncovered the radio transmissions of the first man in space, Yuri Gargarin.

It was only five weeks after this historic event that the brothers were to uncover a transmission that would be the most shocking yet.

In May 1961, whilst listening in to another space frequency, the brothers uncovered a woman’s voice speaking sternly and professionally and saying the following;

“Isn’t this dangerous? Talk to me! Our transmission begins now. I feel hot. I can see a flame. Am I going to crash? Yes. I feel hot, I will re-enter”

What this recording seemed to suggest was that there had been the failed spaceflight of a woman who had appeared to suffer a problem and was close to death. The audio recording - widely available on the internet - is upsetting as the voice does sound like it is becoming more distressed as the transmission continues.

Just three days later the Soviet press agency made the announcement that a spacecraft the size of a bus had failed upon re-entry. There seemed to have been no announcement of its launch and no news of what its purpose was.

This seems to be the final disturbing and mysterious recording that the brothers received on their equipment. They continued to record space transmissions for many years after the incidents occurred and today have one of the worlds most precious archives documenting the space race.

So how likely was it that these transmissions really were the last moments of Russian Cosmonauts lives, and could the Russians really have kept their deaths a secret for so many years?

There can be no denying that the early days of the Russian space programme were not largely successful. Their record of faliures is well known and any human travelling into space at this time would have had to entertain a high probability that they would be killed. Is it not reasonable to suggest that the Russians could have launched men into space before the famous first spaceflight of Yuri Gagarin that ended in their death?

More fuel is added to the fire when we see evidence of the Russians painting out their cosmonauts from photographs which can be seen for yourself on the internet. It is also known that the death of one Cosmonaut during a training exercise was hidden by the Russians until 1986 when it was brought to public attention. This was only as a result of a journalist uncovering the mystery and not information planned to be released.

The rumours do not end there either as there is also the case of Vladimir Ilyushin who insists that he was the first Russian in space, but a problem during re-entry saw him land in China where he was held as a prisoner for a year. It has been suggested that Yuri Gagarin was in fact taken to a staged landing site so that the Russian government could show a successful space mission and a young man on Russian soil once again.

So with all these rumors and what seem like plausable evidence to prove these events took place what are the factors that could challenge them?

Today due to the end of the cold war we have had the luxury of being able to examine and document the records of the Russian space programme. Detailed information on the early days of the space race in Russia are available and document the events at the time of the brothers recordings.

The recordings of the breathing and the morse code were at a time when the Russians were still experimenting with dogs in space with varied success. They also launched dummies much the same as those used for car crash testing. Records show that only a few days after the brothers made their morse code recording the Russians launched Sputnik 6, carrying two dogs. This was a good mission until problems during re-entry saw the craft deliberately destructed resulting in the animals deaths. Only a matter of weeks after this disaster two more dogs were launched and safely brought back to the earth, despite technical problems preventing the spacecraft from reaching orbit.

One other problem with the recordings is that at the time of the breathing and morse code the Russians do not appear to have had the ability to launch a spacecraft of the weight that would be required to carry a man.

Today we are still no nearer knowing for certain what really happened during the Russian space programme. Both arguments for and against the missing cosmonauts paint a compelling picture. One fact we do have to entertain is why no other, far more sophisticated, tracking stations throught the planet ever picked up any of the signals the brothers recorded.

However as time goes on and more information comes to light we may finally be able to piece together the puzzle of the missing Cosmonauts, until then I will certainly have an open mind on the entire subject.

Patrick is an expert Research and Travel consultant. His current interest is in Manchester airport lounges

As the future of the American automobile industry seems uncertain there has been a lot of talk about the cars of the future. Unfortunately, less and less people can afford a new car now, let alone a possibly more expensive car with green technology. But gas prices are edging up again, despite oil prices continuing to fall. There is doubt that Americans will experience the sudden gas hike of the summer of 2008 again anytime soon, but it’s not a bad idea to keep an eye on the gas alternatives that could be around the corner.

“In the short term, hybrids are likely to be most popular,” says John O’Dell, editor of Green Car Advisor for Edmunds.com, a clearinghouse for information about the auto industry, said in a recent Parade Intelligence Report. “By 2015, full-fledged electric vehicles will start sharing the limelight.”

Austin has its fair share of the sporty little Smart cars zipping around town. The electricity-powered Smart car is built for two and has a nice price tag under $12,000. But even at less than three cents per mile, it does not offer a one-size-fits all practicality.

At the height of last summer’s gas gouge, ethanol received a lot of press, both good and bad. Ethanol is a corn-derivative biodiesel fuel and is something that can be produced easily in the United States. However, Americans have spent the last 400 years coming up with many other uses for corn. Suddenly having corn crops going to fuel raised the prices on everything from eggs to steaks to packaged cookies.

As the demand for gas has plummeted in the last six months, so has the interest in ethanol. This has left many farmers holding the bag and entire ethanol producing plants standing unused, thus causing many to re-think the value of producing biodiesel fuels. VeraSun Energy Corporation is in the process of declaring bankruptcy and is trying to sell its South Dakota ethanol plant to Texas company, Valero.

Another alternative fuel is natural gas. The Honda Civic GX is already using natural gas, which emits 95 percent less pollutants and 30 percent less greenhouse gases than gasoline. There are also natural gas conversion kits available to the Chevy Tahoe and the Lincoln Town Car.

Hybrid is a word bandied about in the automotive industry. A hybrid, such as the Toyota Prius, is a vehicle that combines two more sources for power. Hybrids are better for the environment because they get better gas mileage. The Prius, for example, get 45 mpg. Chevy is developing the Volt, a plug-in hybrid, which should be available in 2010.

Another fuel of the future could be hydrogen combustion, which converts natural gas into hydrogen with virtually no emissions. BMW and Ford are both in the development stage on hydrogen combustion vehicles and it is estimated that the cost would be about $1.10 per gallon. But as energy expert Aaron Brady of Cambridge Energy Research Associates pointed out recently, the fuel of the future is something that is always five years away.

Inside Fort Worth is a small company operating in central Texas. They have a site that provides information on the Fort Worth real estate along with pages describing different Fort Worth neighborhoods.

Gear is a device that transfers force to another device via rotation mechanism. The gear with the aid of its teeth is joined with another gear and applies full force. According to its mechanism a gear has the capacity to enhance force at various torques towards diverse directions originating from the root source whence it attains power.

It is an acceptable fact; a gear is fitted well with another gear that has teeth. But the matter to be brooded is that a gear fits well with any device, not specifically with another gear, that owns its teeth to be fitted quite coherently.

Gears may be of different sizes, may be easily combined with another of a different size. The factor that predominates to a great extent is that though the second device with which the first gear is fitted with creates no problem to generate force and the rotational source of force is kept intact.

We can define a gear according to the teeth it has. Teeth and the diameter play the crucial part in the mechanism of a gear. Hence it can be easily told that the performance of a gear solely depends on the characteristic qualities that a gear originally is in possession of. The actual role that a gear plays is that it generates force to one shaft to another one irrespective of teeth and diameter.

The mechanism of the gear follows the rule of linear physics that determines its rotation per second or minute. The speed is generated vide an equation of the gear’s circumference dived by the radius of it. Actually it must be taken care that the second gear is also given the tremendous importance too.

The teeth of a gear play the most crucial role in generating force. Again the radius of it also is of no less importance. Probably depending on the diameter the force is generated. The larger is the radius the slower is the speed.

It is to be noted that the teeth adjoining two gears are corresponded to one another to rotate. Thus when teeth related to the small gear press the other one, the large one is to make one rotation. As a matter of fact when the small gear moves in a fast pace the large gear moves faster generating more power. The points of the gears must have to pass a particular point to rotate following a comprehensive mechanism to generate actual force.

When we find an ordinary gear we notice that there are axes of the gear that is absolutely static when there is rotation in the gear. The axes can be much in number as in the case of epicyclic gear. Again the gear referred to as the sun - planet gear has a wonderful mechanism. In this gear the gear that is called planet rotates round the sun gear.

If we brood over the mechanism of gear we have to keep in mind the fact that the gear is based on particularly four items as the axis, the pitch point, pitch circle and the pitch diameter.

Ajeet Khurana enjoys writing articles about Gears. Read about Differential Gear System, Gear Pump and about a Bevel Gearbox.

We talk about the study of life when we talk about biology. This study includes everything about living things animals, plants or humans. Human biology specifically deals only with the human life form. It deals with all the aspects of the human body. It talks about what comprises the human body and what makes it work.

Our bodies are made up of several systems working interactively. These systems keep the body functioning well so that we may go about our normal lives every single day. We have the nervous, respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, immune, circulatory, reproductive, excretory, and endocrine system. Each system has its own specialized assignment to do inside us that contribute to our overall well-being.

If one system goes wrong the whole human body is affected. It is therefore important to keep our bodies healthy all the time, so that our systems will be working efficiently for us all the time. This can be done if we have the right knowledge about the human systems. This is the main reason why we have to study biology in our science courses. Let us discuss some of the important human systems.

The Respiratory System is responsible for our breathing. It has two zones namely the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. These zones help us inhale and exhale freely. The organs involved in our respiratory systems are the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, thoracic cavity, bronchi, and alveoli. The air flows through these organs in a certain proper order.

The normal breathing rate is 10 to 18 breaths on a per minute basis. When a man does extreme activities like running, the per minute breaths reaches up to 35.

The Digestive system is assigned in making sure the nutrients from the food we eat are well distributed to the different parts of our bodies. The man eats food which is then broken down through the process digestion. Digestion takes out the minerals that the body needs from the food. The minerals are then distributed to the different parts of the body where that are needed. The organs that are responsible for the digestive system of the body are mouth and salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large Intestine.

The mouth takes in food to the salivary gland. The saliva from the salivary gland helps break down the food and it will be swallowed. The esophagus will transport the food to the stomach. The food in the stomach is mixed with digestive juices. After that it will be transported to the small intestine. The food in the small intestine will mix with the other enzymes that are in the body. This will be the organ that will absorb the nutrients that are needed by the body. The nutrients that are needed by the body will be transported to the large system and it will be disposed as an excess.

The next important system in the body is the cardiovascular system. The organs involve here are the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart pumps the blood so it will travel all over the body through the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The blood is the one that transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes to our body. If the heart does not work well, the nutrients needed by the body will not reach its destinations. The body malfunctions and this leads to heart ailments.

Knowing how these systems work will help us how to take care of our bodies the right way. Learn what nutrients these systems need and eat foods rich in nutrients and vitamins.

For more information on Endocrine System and Two Zone Of Respiratory Systemplease visit our website.

In the past the United States was one of the leading and most innovative countries in the scientific community. This kept the country ahead in advances in science, which benefited the citizens with better health care and technological advances. Over the years science has became stagnant in the country though and innovation is occurring in other countries, which are passing the United States in science.

As the students in this country fall further behind in science educators are trying to find a way to regain interest in the subject with our youngsters. It is essential that children are introduced to science at an early age and they get an opportunity to see that it can be lots of fun. Understanding the critical thinking behind science can benefit children even if they do not grow up to be scientists as adults.

Parents can introduce their child to science at an early age and make it a fun activity where both parents and kids explore and even get a little dirty. There are lots of scientific experiments that can be conducted in and around the family home that are perfectly safe and can introduce children to the basics of science.

While conducting these science experiments with their children parents should listen carefully to their kids. By listening to their ideas and thoughts kids can learn the process of thinking, which is behind scientific thought, and they will feel that their opinions are important. Asking questions together and discussing possible outcomes at the beginning of an experiment will help them to learn to formulate theories.

By conducting the experiments together parents encourage active learning to go with the critical thinking. For just about every scientific principle there are several projects, which are fun to conduct and show how a theory is validated by the findings in the experiment. Children learn by doing and with instruction so as parents we need to take science as seriously as we do reading and other school subjects. If parents do not make science a fun priority for kids than students in the United States will continue to lag further behind that of other countries and lose their edge in this field.

Of course experts disagree on whether children should be introduced to science via discovery learning or instructional learning. Some feel that children should be given scientific tools and allowed to experiment and learn on their own. While others feel children should be introduced step by step how to conduct experiments. In reality at an early age both can be used to get a child’s interest piqued. Once this interest is set in the particular learning style of the student should be taken into account. It is too important that the students keep up with the rest of the world in a competitive, innovative field of study.

If you want to get your young child off to a fun start in science than check out Science With Me for lots of fun science projects, science worksheets, and other fun science for kids ideas.